What does UPR mean in HUMAN GENOME

Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is a collection of molecular signaling pathways that enable the cell to respond to various forms of stress, including an overload of unfolded proteins. The UPR enables cells to cope with this condition by either restoring cellular homeostasis or initiating apoptosis.

Unfolded Protein Response occurs when a cell accumulates unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). When the ER is overburdened and cannot adequately fold proteins, it induces an adaptation cascade, which then activates the UPR.

Unfolded Protein Response works by activating specific proteins that in turn trigger several adaptive responses such as increasing protein folding capacity, reducing protein translation, and inducing cell death. These responses help the cell restore its homeostasis or initiate apoptosis when necessary.

Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) plays an important role in maintaining cellular health by helping cells cope with an overload of unfolded proteins. It does this by activating specific proteins that trigger adaptive responses such as increasing protein folding capacity, reducing protein translation and inducing cell death. All these responses help restore homeostasis or initiate apoptosis when necessary.

The components involved in Unfolded Protein Response are related to how cells detect and respond to misfolded proteins caused by environmental stressors such as low temperature, high salt concentration and toxins. They include endoplasmic reticulum-associated sensors such as IRE1α and PERK, transcriptional regulators like ATF6α and NF-κB, as well as chaperones like ATF3 and HSP70 which help cells restore homeostasis or induce apoptosis if needed.

The three stages of Unfolded Protein Response include detection - sensing of unfolded/misfolded proteins; activation - induces adaptation function through proteolytic cleavage; and resolution - restores normal levels of protein folding activities and other processes necessary for homeostatic functioning.

The Unfolded Protein Response pathway begins within the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), where ER associated sensors such as IRE1α sense accumulations of misfolded/unfolded proteins before signaling upstream to activate response pathways such as XBP1s/ATF6α, CREB3L3/PERK and NF-κB based on their presence or absence in order to restore ER homeostasis or initiateapoptosis if needed.