What does ABCG mean in UNCLASSIFIED

ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) G is a family of membrane-associated transporters found in eukaryotic cells. They are vital for cellular homeostasis, and can be involved in various processes such as active drug transport, intracellular signaling, and detoxification mechanisms. ABCG proteins are responsible for transporting molecules across the cell membrane using energy from ATP hydrolysis.

ABCG proteins are located within the cell membrane. They consist of two parts -- an extracellular component that binds to a molecule on one side of the membrane, and an intracellular component that binds to another molecule on the opposite side. Together, these components form a channel through which molecules are moved from one side of the cell to the other.

ABCG proteins are primarily involved in the transport of small lipophilic molecules such as lipids, steroids, drugs, hormones, and toxins across cell membranes. These molecules often have large hydrophobic regions that make them difficult to cross a membrane without assistance from ABCG proteins.

The mechanism by which ABCG proteins facilitate movement across membranes involves a series of protein-protein interactions between intramembrane components and oligomeric complexes (multiprotein complexes with many subunits). During these interactions, ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and Pi, providing energy for molecule movement across membranes.

The hydrolysis of ATP serves as an energy source for the movement of molecules across cell membranes by facilitating protein-protein interactions between intramembrane components and multiprotein complexes. Without sufficient energy provided by ATP hydrolysis, no motion could occur.

Mutations in transmembrane domains and regulatory regions (such as promoter regions) can alter how well or poorly an individual gene functions or express itself due to changes in its structure or activity levels respectively. This can lead to defective transport functions or even complete loss of function either globally or locally depending on where the mutation occurs in the gene sequence.

Defects in ABCGs have been linked to several diseases including Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, high cholesterol levels (hypercholesterolemia), cardiovascular disease (CVD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), cancer progression, kidney failure (nephropathy), Gaucher's Disease and muscular dystrophy among others. Mutations also play a role in drug resistance/sensitivity due to changes in substrate specificity or affinity for certain compounds.

Though less frequent than other genetic diseases, mutations typically resulting from deletions or insertions occurring at specific hotspots within genes coding for members of this family have been identified in multiple human populations worldwide indicating they may be relatively common across different ethnic groups although exact frequencies vary widely based on geographical location and race/ethnicity.

Yes - there are both chemical means available as well as genetic engineering techniques used to regulate expression levels or activity levels corresponding to particular members of this transporter family thus modulating their individual functionality.